Keithley 2182

The Keithley 2182A Nanovoltmeter is a dual-channel instrument designed for high-sensitivity, low-noise voltage measurements across demanding metrology, research, and automated testing applications. It delivers 1 nV sensitivity with voltage ranges spanning 1 nV to 100 V on Channel 1 and 10 nV to 12 V on Channel 2, enabling precise characterization of low-resistance materials and devices. The instrument combines exceptional noise performance—typically 15 nV p-p at 1-second response time—with flexible measurement modes including delta mode coordination with reversing current sources, pulse capability beginning 16 µs after trigger, and temperature measurement with built-in thermocouple linearization. Dual-channel simultaneous operation supports voltage, temperature, or resistance ratio measurements. Response time is selectable to optimize speed-noise trade-offs, with range changes completing in less than 40 ms and autorange cycles in less than 60 ms. Measurement throughput reaches 120 readings per second via internal or external trigger, with ASCII output at 40 readings per second over RS-232 at 19.2K baud. Line synchronization delivers 110 dB NMRR to reject power line interference and AC common-mode currents. Integrated analog and digital filtering options further suppress noise. When paired with compatible current sources such as the Model 6220 or 6221, delta measurement noise typically reaches 3 nVrms/√Hz on the 10 mV range, enabling differential conductance measurements and low-noise resistance characterization.